Journal Papers

1. Wavelength modulation laser-induced fluorescence for plasma characterization , I. Romadanov, Y. Raitses, and A. Smolyakov, Review of Scientific Instruments 95, 073516 (2024)


2. Application of helium line intensity ratio spectroscopy to xenon plasma in E × B Penning discharge , H. Sekine, A. Diallo, S. Abe, Y. Raitses and H. Koizumi, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 33, 045004 (2024)


3. A confocal laser-induced fluorescence diagnostic with an annular laser beam, I. Romadanov, and Y. Raitses, Review of Scientific Instruments 97, 073002 (2023)


4. A theoretical thrust density limit for Hall thrusters, J. Simmonds, Y. Raitses, and A. Smolyakov, Journal of Electric Propulsion 2, 12 (2023)


5. Azimuthal structures and turbulent transport in Penning discharge, M. Tyushev, M. Papahn Zadeh, V. Sharma, M. Sengupta, Y. Raitses, J.-P. Boeuf, and A. Smolyakov, Physics of Plasmas 30, 033506 (2023)


6. Quasi-steady testing approach for high‐power Hall thrusters, L. Brieda, Y. Raitses, E. Choueiri, R. Myers, M. Keidar, Journal of Applied Physics 130, 183303(2021)


7. Ion acceleration in a wall-less Hall thruster, J. Simmonds and Y. Raitses, Journal of Applied Physics 130, 093302 (2021)


8. On the mechanism of ionization oscillations in Hall thrusters, O. Chapurin, A. Smolyakov, G. Hagelaar, and Y. Raitses, Journal of Applied Physics 129, 233307 (2021)


9. Restructuring of rotating spokes in response to changes in the radial electric field and the neutral pressure of a cylindrical magnetron plasma, M. Sengupta, A. Smolyakov, and Y. Raitses, Journal of Applied Physics 129, 223302 (2021)


10. Mitigation of breathing oscillations and focusing of the plume in a segmented electrode wall-less Hall thruster, J. Simmonds and Y. Raitses, Applied Physics Letters 119, 213501 (2021)


11. Magnetically insulated baffled probe (MIBP) for low-temperature and fusion-boundary plasma studies, C. Yuan, I. P. Kurlyandskaya, V. I. Demidov, M. Gryaznevich, M. E. Koepke, and Y. Raitses, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 63, 093001 (2021)


12. Studies of a modulated Hall thruster, J. Simmonds, Y. Raitses, A. Smolyakov, and O. Chapurin, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 30, 055011 (2021)


13. Physics of ExB discharges relevant to plasma propulsion and similar technologies, I. Kaganovich, A. Smolyakov, Y. Raitses, E. Ahedo, I. Mikellides, B. Jorns, F. Taccogna, R. Gueroult, S. Tsikata, A. Bourdon, J. P. Bouef, M. Keidar, A. Powis, M. Merino, M. Cappelli, K. Hara, J. Carlsson, N. Fisch, P. Chabert, I. Schweigert, T. Lafleur, K. Matyash, A. Khrabrov, R. Boswell, and A. Fruchtman, Physics of Plasmas 27, 120601 (2020)


14. Theoretical Analysis of Performance Parameters in Oscillating Plasma Thrusters, J. Simmonds and Y. Raitses, Journal of Propulsion and Power 37 (4), 544 (2020)


15. A rapid technique for the determination of secondary electron emission yield from complex surfaces, A. Ottaviano, S. Banerjee, and Y. Raitses, Journal of Applied Physics 126, 223301 (2019)


16. Control of Coherent Structures via External Drive of the Breathing Mode, I. Romadanov, Y. Raitses, and A. Smolyakov, Plasma Physics Reports 45 (2), 134 (2019)


17. Boundary-induced effect on the spoke-like activity in E x B plasma, E. Rodriguez, V. Skoutnev, Y. Raitses, A. Powis, I. Kaganovich, and A. Smolyakov, Physics of Plasmas 26, 053503 (2019)


18. Self-Organization, Structures, and Anomalous Transport in Turbulent Partially Magnetized Plasmas with Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields, O. Koshkarov, A. Smolyakov, Y. Raitses, and I. Kaganovich, Physical Review Letters 122, 185001 (2019)


19. Angular, temperature, and impurity effects on secondary electron emission from Ni(110), M. I. Patino, R. E. Wirz, Y. Raitses, and B.E. Koel, Journal of Applied Physics 124, 093301 (2018)


20. Fast sweeping probe system for characterization of spokes in E x B discharges, V. Skoutnev, P. Dourbal, E. Rodriguez, and Y. Raitses, Review of Scientific Instruments 89, 123501 (2018)


21. Moderate pressure plasma source of nonthermal electrons, S. Gershman and Y. Raitses Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, 235202 (2018)


22. Nonlinear structures of lower-hybrid waves driven by ion beam, O. Koshkarov A. I. Smolyakov, Y. Raitses, and I. Kaganovich, Physics of Plasmas 25, 061209 (2018)


23. Controlling azimuthal spoke modes in a cylindrical Hall thruster using a segmented anode, Y. Shi, Y. Raitses, and A. Diallo, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 27, 104006 (2018)


24. Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Xe I and Xe II in Ambipolar Plasma Flow, P. Svarnas. I. Romadanov, A. Diallo, and Y. Raitses, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science Early Access, (2018)


25. Hall thruster operation with externally driven breathing mode oscillations, I. Romadanov. Y. Raitses, and A. Smolyakov, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 27, 094006 (2018)


26. Scaling of spoke rotation frequency within a Penning discharge, A. Powis. J. Carlsson, I. Kaganovich, Y. Raitses, and A. Smolyakov, Physics of Plasmas 25, 072110 (2018)


27. Floating potential of emitting surfaces in plasmas with respect to the space potential, B. F. Kraus and Y. Raitses, Physics of Plasmas 25, 030701 (2018)


28. Nonlinear structures and anomalous transport in partially magnetized ExB plasmas, S. Janhunen, A. Smolyakov, O. Chapurin, D. Sydorenko, I. Kaganovich, and Y. Raitses, Physics of Plasmas 25, 011608 (2018)


29. Particle-in-cell simulations of anomalous transport in a Penning discharge, J. Carlsson, I. Kaganovich, A. Powis, Y. Raitses, I. Romadanov, and A. Smolyakov, Physics of Plasmas 25, 061201 (2018)


30. Space micropropulsion systems for Cubesats and small satellites: From proximate targets to furthermost frontiers, I. Levchenko, K. Bazaka, Y. Ding, Y. Raitses, S. Mazouffre, T. Henning, P. J. Klar, S. Shinohara, J. Schein, L. Garrigues, M. Kim, D. Lev, F. Taccogna, R. W. Boswell, C. Charles, H. Koizumi, Y. Shen, C. Scharlemann, M. Keidar, and S. Xu, Applied Physics Reviews 5, 011104 (2018)


31. On limitations of laser-induced fluorescence diagnostics for xenon ion velocity distribution function measurements in Hall thrusters, I. Romadanov, Y. Raitses, A. Diallo, K. Hara, I. D. Kaganovich, and A. Smolyakov, Physics of Plasmas 25, 033501 (2018)


32. Current flow instability and nonlinear structures in dissipative two-fluid plasmas, O. Koshkarov, A. I. Smolyakov, O. Chapurin, M. V. Umansky, Y. Raitses and I. D. Kaganovich, Physics of Plasmas 25, 011604 (2018)


33. Compatibility of lithium plasma-facing surfaces with high edge temperatures in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment, R. Majeski, R. E. Bell, D. P. Boyle, R. Kaita, T. Kozub, B. P. LeBlanc, M. Lucia, R. Maingi, E. Merino, Y. Raitses, J. C. Schmitt, J. P. Allain, F. Bedoya, J. Bialek, T. M. Biewer, J. M. Canik, L. Buzi, B. E. Koel, M. I. Patino, A. M. Capece, C. Hansen, T. Jarboe, S. Kubota, W. A. Peebles and K. Tritz, Physics of Plasmas 24, 056110 (2017)


34. Fluid theory and simulations of instabilities, turbulent transport and coherent structures in partially-magnetized plasmas of E x B discharges, A. I. Smolyakov, O. Chapurin, W. Frias, O. Koshkarov, I. Romadanov, T. Tang, M. Umansky, Y. Raitses, I. D. Kaganovich and V.P Lakhin, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 59, 014041 (2017)


35. Secondary electron emission yield from high aspect ratio surfaces, Chenggang Jin, Angelica Ottaviano and Yevgeny Raitses, Journal of Applied Physics 122, 173301 (2017)


36. "Feathered" fractal surfaces to minimize secondary electron emission for a wide range of incident angles, Charles Swanson and Igor D. Kaganovich, Journal of Applied Physics 122, 043301 (2017)


37. Structure of nonlocal gradient-drift instabilities in Hall E x B discharges, Ivan Romadanov, Andrei Smolyakov, Yevgeny Raitses, Igor Kaganovich, Tang Tian and Sergei Ryzhkov, Physics of Plasmas 23, 122111(2016)


38. Modeling of reduced effective secondary electron emission yield from a velvet surface, C. Swanson, I. D Kaganovich, Journal of Applied Physics 120, 213302 (2016)


39. Secondary electron emission from a plasma-generated nanostructure tungsten fuzz, M. Patino, Y. Raitses and R. Wirz, Applied Physics Letters 109, 201602 (2016)


40. Recommended Practice for Use of Emissive Probes in Electric Propulsion Testing, J.P Sheehan, Yevgeny Raitses, Noah Hershkowitz and Michael McDonald, Journal of Propulsion and Power 33, 10.2514, B35697(2017)


41. Secondary electron emission from lithium and lithium compounds, A.M. Capece, M.I. Patino, Y. Raitses and B. E. Koel, Applied Physics Letters 109, 0011605 (2016)


42. Analysis of secondary electron emission for conducting materials using 4-grid LEED/AES optics, M. I. Patino, Y. Raitses, B. E. Koel and R. E. Wirz, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 48, 195204 (2015)


43. Time-resolved ion velocity distribution in a cylindrical Hall thruster: Heterodyne-based experiment and modeling, A. Diallo, S. Keller, Y. Shi, Y. Raitses, and S. Mazouffre, Review of Scientific Instruments 86, 033506 (2015)


44. Cross-field plasma lens for focusing of the Hall thruster plume, Martin E. Griswold, Yevgeny Raitses and Nathaniel J. Fisch, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 23, 044005 (2014)


45. Effects of emitted electron temperature on the plasma sheath, J. P. Sheehan, I. D. Kaganovich, H. Wang, D. Sydorenko, Y. Raitses and N. Hershkowitz, Physics of Plasmas 21, 063502 (2014)


46. Long wavelength gradient drift instability in Hall plasma devices. II. Applications, Winston Frias, Andrei I. Smolyakov, Igor D. Kaganovich and Yevgeny Raitses, Physics of Plasmas 20, 052108 (2013)


47. Kinetic Theory of Plasma Sheaths Surrounding Electron-Emitting Surfaces, J. P. Sheehan, N. Hershkowitz, I. D. Kaganovich, H. Wang, Y. Raitses, E. V. Barnat, B. R. Weatherford, and D. Sydorenko, Physical Review Letters PRL 111, 075002 (2013)


48. Sheath-Induced Instabilities in Plasmas with E0xB0 Drift, A. I. Smolyakov, W. Frias, I. D. Kaganovich, and Y. Raitses, Physical Review Letters PRL 111, 115002 (2013)


49. Comment on Three-dimensional numerical investigation of electron transport with rotating spoke in a cylindrical anode layer Hall plasma accelerator, C. L. Ellison, K. Matyash, J. B. Parker, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 20, 014701 (2013)


50. Instability, collapse, and oscillation of sheaths caused by secondary electron emission, M. D. Campanell, A. V. Khrabrov, and I. D. Kaganovich, Physics of Plasmas 19, 123513 (2012)


51. Absence of Debye Sheaths due to Secondary Electron Emission, M. D. Campanell, A. V. Khrabrov, and I. D. Kaganovich, Physical Review Letters, PRL 108, 255001 (2012)


52. Feedback control of an azimuthal oscillation in the ExB discharge of Hall thrusters, M. E. Griswold, C. L. Ellison, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 19, 053506 (2012)


53. Absence of Debye Sheaths due to Secondary Electron Emission, M. D. Campanell, A. V. Khrabrov, and I. D. Kaganovich, Physical Review Letters PRL 108, 255001 (2012)


54. Long wavelength gradient drift instability in Hall plasma devices. I. Fluid theory, Winston Frias, Andrei I. Smolyakov, Igor D. Kaganovich, and Yevgeny Raitses, Physics of Plasmas 19, 072112 (2012)


55. General Cause of Sheath Instability Identified for Low Collisionality Plasmas in Devices with Secondary Electron Emission, M. D. Campanell, A. V. Khrabrov, and I. D. Kaganovich, Physical Review Letters PRL 108, 235001 (2012)


56. Cross-field electron transport induced by a rotating spoke in a cylindrical Hall thruster, C. L. Ellison, Y. Raitses and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 19, 013503 (2012).


57. Ion acceleration in supersonically rotating magnetized-electron plasma, N. J. Fisch, Y. Raitses and A. Fruchtman, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 53, 124038 (2011).


58. A comparison of emissive probe techniques for electric potential measurements in a complex plasma, J. P. Sheehan, Y. Raitses, N. Hershkowitz, I. Kaganovich, and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 18, 073501 (2011).


59. Effect of Secondary Electron Emission on Electron Cross-Field Current in ExB Discharges, Y. Raitses, I. D. Kaganovich, A. Khrabrov, D. Sydorenko, N. J. Fisch, A. Smolyakov, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 39, 995 (2011).


60. Fast Camera Imaging of Hall Thruster Ignition, C. L. Ellison, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science PP (99), 1-2 (2011).


61. Cylindrical Hall thrusters with permanent magnets, Y. Raitses, E. Merino, and N. J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics 108, 093307 (2010).


62. Laser induced fluorescence measurements of the cylindrical Hall thruster plume, R. Spektor, K. D. Diamant, E. J. Beiting, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 17, 093502 (2010).


63. Transition in electron transport in a cylindrical Hall thruster, J. B. Parker, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Applied Physics Letters 97, 091501 (2010).


64. Ionization, Plume Properties, and Performance of Cylindrical Hall Thrusters, K. D. Diamant, J. E. Pollard, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 38, 1052 (2010).


65. Breakdown of a Space Charge Limited Regime of a Sheath in a Weakly Collisional Plasma Bounded by Walls with Secondary Electron Emission, D. Sydorenko, I. Kaganovich, Y. Raitses, and A. Smolyakov, Physical Review Letters 103, 145004 (2009).


66. Effects of enhanced cathode electron emission on Hall thruster operation, Y. Raitses, A. Smirnov, and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 16, 057106 (2009).


67. Cathode effects in cylindrical Hall thrusters, E. M. Granstedt, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics 104, 103302 (2008).


68. Comment on - Effects of magnetic field gradient on ion beam current in cylindrical Hall ion source - [J. Appl. Phys. 102, 123305 (2007)], Y. Raitses, A. Smirnov, and N. J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics 104 066102 (2008).


69. Simulations of a Miniaturized Cylindrical Hall Thruster, L. Garrigues, G. Hagelaar, J. P. Boeuf, Y. Raitses, A. Smirnov, and N. J. Fisch, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 2034 (2008).


70. Controlling the Plasma Flow in the Miniaturized Cylindrical Hall Thruster, A. Smirnov, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 1998 (2008).


71. Special Issue on Plasma Propulsion, M. Keidar, Y. Raitses, A. D. Gallimore, J. P. Boeuf, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 1962 (2008).


72. Plasma Plume of Annular and Cylindrical Hall Thrusters, N. J. Fisch and Y. Raitses, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 1204 (2008).


73. Controlling the Plasma Potential Distribution in Segmented-Electrode Hall Thruster, Y. Raitses, D. Staack, N. J. Fisch, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 1202 (2008).


74. Plasma-sheath instability in Hall thrusters due to periodic modulation of the energy of secondary electrons in cyclotron motion, D. Sydorenko, A. Smolyakov, I. Kaganovich, and Y. Raitses, Physics of Plasmas 15, 053506 (2008).


75. Enhanced performance of cylindrical Hall thrusters, Y. Raitses, A. Smirnov, and N.J. Fisch, Applied Physics Letters 90, 221502 (2007).


76. Experimental and theoretical studies of cylindrical Hall thrusters, A. Smirnov, Y. Raitses, and N.J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 14, 057106 (2007).


77. Performance of a Low-Power Cylindrical Hall Thruster, K. A. Polzin, T. E. Markusic, B. J. Stanojev, A. Dehoyos, Y. Raitses, A. Smirnov, and N. J. Fisch, Propulsion and Power. 23, 886 (2007).


78. Kinetic effects in a Hall thruster discharge, I. Kaganovich, Y. Raitses, D. Sydorenko and A. Smolyakov, Physics of Plasmas 14, 057104 (2007).


79. Effects of non-Maxwellian electron velocity distribution function on two-stream instability in low-pressure discharges, D. Sydorenko, A. Smolyakov, I. Kaganovich, and Y. Raitses, Physics of Plasmas 14, 013508 (2007).


80. Segmented Electrode Hall Thruster, K. D. Diamant, J. E. Pollard, R. B. Cohen, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Propulsion and Power. 22, 1396 (2006).


81. Plasma acceleration from radio-frequency discharge in dielectric capillary, A. Dunaevsky, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Applied Physics Letters 88, 251502 (2006).


82. Modification of Electron Velocity Distribution in Bounded Plasmas by Secondary Electron Emission, D. Sydorenko, A. Smolyakov, I. Kaganovich, Y. Raitses, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 34, 815 (2006).


83. Effect of magnetic field profile on the anode fall in Hall-effect thruster discharge , L. Dorf, Y. Raitses and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 13, 057104 (2006).


84. Electron cross-field transport in a miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster , A. Smirnov, Y. Raitses and N. J. Fisch, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 34, 132 (2006).


85. Operation of a segmented Hall thruster with low-sputtering carbon-velvet electrodes, Y. Raitses, D. Staack, A. Dunaevsky and N. J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics 99, 036103 (2006).


86. Measurements of secondary electron emission effects in Hall thrusters, Y. Raitses, A. Smirnov, D. Staack, and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 13, 014502 (2006).


87. Kinetic simulation of secondary electron emission effects in Hall thrusters, D. Sydorenko, A. Smolyakov, I. Kaganovich, and Y. Raitses, Physics of Plasmas 13, 014501 (2006).


88. Space charge saturated sheath regime and temperature saturation in Hall thrusters, Y. Raitses, D. Staack, A. Smirnov, and N.J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 12, 073507 (2005).


89. Experimental studies of anode sheath phenomena in a Hall thruster discharge, L. Dorf, Y. Raitses, and N.J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics 97, 103309 (2005).


90. Maximizing ion current by space-charge neutralization using negative ions and dust particles, A. Smirnov, Y. Raitses, and N.J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 12, 053503 (2005).


91. Electron-wall interaction in Hall thrusters, Y. Raitses, D. Staack, M. Keidar, and N.J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 12, 057104 (2005).


92. Electron cross-field transport in a low power cylindrical Hall thruster, A. Smirnov, Y. Raitses, and N.J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 11(11), 4922 (2004).


93. On the potential distribution in Hall thrusters, M. Keidar, A. D. Gallimore, Y. Raitses, I. D. Boyd, Applied Physics Letters, 85 (13), 2481-2483 (2004).


94. Temperature gradient in Hall Thrusters, D. Staack, Y. Raitses, N.J. Fisch, Applied Physics Letters, 84 (16), 3028-3030 (2004).
    
    
95. Electrostatic Probe Apparatus for Measurements in the Near-Anode Region of Hall Thrusters, L. Dorf, Y. Raitses and N. J. Fisch, Review of Scientific Instruments 75 (5),1255 (2004).
    
    
96. Plasma Measurements in a 100 W Cylindrical Hall Thruster, A. Smirnov, Y. Raitses and N. J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics, 95 (5), 2283 (2004).
     
97. Effect of Anode Dielectric Coating on Hall Thruster Operation, L. Dorf, Y. Raitses, N. J. Fisch and V. Semenov, Applied Physics Letters 84 (7), 1070 (2004). See also Erratum.
     
98. Anode Sheath in Hall Thrusters, L. Dorf, V. Semenov and Y. Raitses, Applied Physics Letters, 83 (13), 2551 (2003).
     
99. Shielded electrostatic probe for nonperturbing plasma measurements in Hall thrusters, D. Staack, Y. Raitses and N. J. Fisch, Review of Scientific Instruments, 75 (2), pp. 393-399, (2004).
     
100. Rayleigh Instability in Hall Thrusters, A. A. Litvak and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasma 11, 1379 (2004).
      
101. Experimental Studies of Rayleigh Instability in Hall Thrusters, A. A. Litvak, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas 11, 1701 (2004).
     
     
102. Ferroelectric Cathodes in Transverse Magnetic Fields, A. Dunaevsky, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics, 93(6), 3481 (2003).
      
103. Enhanced Ionization in the Cylindrical Hall Thruster, A. Smirnov, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics, 94 (2), 852 (2003).
      
104. Yield of Secondary Electron Emission from Ceramic Materials of Hall Thruster, A. Dunavesky, Y. Raitses and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas, 10, 2574 (2003).
      
105. Parametric Investigation of Miniaturized Cylindrical and Annular Hall Thruster, A. Smirnov, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics, 92(10), 5673 (2002).
      
106. Effects of Segmented Electrodes in Hall Current Plasma Thrusters, Y. Raitses, M. Keidar, D. Staack and N. J. Fisch, Journal of Applied Physics, 92, 4906 (2002).
      
107. High-Frequency Probing Diagnostic for Hall Current Plasma Thrusters, A. Litvak, Y. Raitses and N. J. Fisch, Review of Scientific Instruments, 73, 2882 (2002). 
      
108. Parametric Investigations of a Nonconventional Hall Thruster, Y. Raitses and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas, 8, 2579 (2001).
      
109. Control of the Electric-Field Profile in the Hall Thruster, A. Fruchtman, N. J. Fisch, and Y. Raitses, Physics of Plasmas, 8, 1048 (2001). 
      
110. Resistive Instabilities in Hall Current Plasma Discharge, A. Litvak and N. J. Fisch, Physics of Plasmas, 8, 648 (2001).
      
111. Variable Operation of Hall Thruster with Multiple Segmented Electrodes, N. J. Fisch, Y. Raitses, L. A. Dorf and A. A. Litvak, Journal of Applied Physics, 89, 2040 (2001). 
      
112. Plume Reduction in Segmented Electrode Hall Thruster, Y. Raitses, N. J. Fisch, L. A. Dorf and A. Litvak, Journal of Applied Physics, 88, 1263 (2000).